St. Luke's Health - Patients Medical Center - Pasadena, TX

A Temporary Pump, to Relieve Stress on the Heart and Decrease Damage to the Muscle

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to widen coronary arteries that have been blocked or narrowed. The procedure involves the use of a catheter to place a stent in the heart, opening the blood vessels and improving blood flow. PCI may be used for the relief of coronary heart disease symptoms or to reduce damage to the heart before or after a heart attack.

Thrombolysis is a treatment used to dissolve clots that develop in the blood vessels and improve blood flow throughout the body. Thrombolytic Medications are sometimes given through an intravenous line (IV) to ensure distribution directly to the affected area.

The traditional and most common type of surgery for aortic aneurysms is open chest repair. It involves a major incision in the chest. General anesthesia is needed with this procedure. The aneurysm is removed and the section of aorta is replaced with an artificial graft made of material such as Dacron® or Teflon®. The surgery takes 3 to 6 hours, and the patient remains in the hospital for 5 to 8 days. It often takes a month to recover from open chest surgery and return to full activity.

A specially designed catheter with a tiny balloon is carefully guided through the artery to the blockage, then inflated to widen the opening and increase blood flow to the heart. A stent is often placed during the procedure, to keep the artery open after the balloon is deflated and removed.

A valvuloplasty, also known as balloon valvuloplasty or balloon valvotomy, is a procedure to repair a heart valve that has a narrowed opening. In a narrowed heart valve, the valve flaps (leaflets) may become thick or stiff and fuse together (stenosis). This reduces blood flow through the valve.

Bioprosthetic heart valves are most commonly either made of bovine (cow) or porcine (pig) tissue. Of course the main advantage of a bioprosthetic valve is that there is not typically the need for life long blood thinning medication and therefore a significantly lower risk of bleeding.

Coronary artery bypass surgery is a treatment for coronary artery disease (blocking or narrowing of the arteries that carry blood an oxygen to the heart). The procedure takes healthy blood vessels from elsewhere in the body, often the leg, and grafts them above and below the blockages to redirect blood around the blockage and restore blood flow to the heart.

A heart transplant is an operation in which a diseased, failing heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart. Heart transplant is a treatment that's usually reserved for people whose condition hasn't improved enough with medications or other surgeries.

Heart valve repair can usually be done on congenital valve defects (defects you are born with) and has a good success record with treating mitral valve defects. Severe valve damage means the valve must be replaced and most often involves the aortic or mitral valve. It is also used to treat any valve disease that is life-threatening. Some patients may need more than one valve repaired or replaced.

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a pump that is used for patients who have reached end-stage heart failure. The LVAD, a battery-operated, mechanical pump, is surgically implanted, which then helps the left ventricle) pump blood to the rest of the body.

A significantly less invasive procedure than traditional open-heart surgery, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery involves one or more small incisions, which are usually made on the right side of the chest between the ribs to access the heart. This procedure often results in less pain and faster recovery for the patient.

Any type of surgery that involves cutting open the chest and splitting the breastbone to access and operate on the heart. Open-heart surgeries treat heart conditions like congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, aneurysms, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.

Peripheral stents are often implanted in conjunction with balloon angioplasty. Peripheral stent implants help hold open an artery so that blood can flow through the blocked or clogged artery., The stent—a small, lattice-shaped wire mesh tube, props open the artery and remains permanently in place.

Peripheral vascular bypass (PVB) refers to surgical revision of blood flow to restore perfusion distal to an occluded or otherwise disrupted arterial segment. Peripheral vascular bypass procedures can involve any arteries excluding those in the heart or the brain

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a minimally invasive procedure to replace a narrowed aortic valve that fails to open properly.

A minimally invasive procedure for patients with mitral valve regurgitation (a condition where the mitral valve is not functioning properly). Unlike traditional open-heart surgery, TMVR does not require surgical opening of the chest. Instead, a catheter is inserted into a vein in the groin and up to the heart. The catheter is used to implant a small device that tightens the mitral valve to reduce the effects of mitral regurgitation.

Thyroid evaluation and surgery are used to diagnose and treat conditions such as nodules, goiters, and thyroid cancer. Evaluation involves thyroid function blood tests and, if abnormalities are present, a biopsy. Thyroid surgery may remove the whole (total thyroidectomy) or partial (hemi thyroidectomy) thyroid gland.

Tonsil and adenoid surgery (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy) refers to the removal of the tonsil and adenoid glands found in the throat, in the back of the mouth and behind the nose, respectively. The procedures are used in cases of recurring inflammation and infection that do not resolve with medication.

A bronchoscopy allows for the close examination of the airways to treat, biopsy, and diagnose conditions of the lungs. The procedure involves inserting a thin tube through the mouth or nose, down the trachea, and into the airways, where the specialized scope can capture images and, if needed, collect tissue samples.

A colonoscopy procedure consists of a long, firm and flexible plastic tube with a tiny digital camera and light at one end. A colonoscopy can be used to look for colon polyps or bowel cancer and to help diagnose different symptoms.

A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure of the lower colon and rectum to identify bowel disorders and screen for cancer with a specialized endoscope. A sigmoidoscopy is similar to a colonoscopy, but it does not go as far into the colon and causes less discomfort.

A small bowel enteroscopy is a specialized, inflatable (double-balloon) endoscopic procedure that can be used to diagnose and/or treat problems in the small bowel such as IBS, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal bleeding or tumors. The endoscope can be introduced orally or rectally.

An upper GI endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or EGD), is a procedure that uses an endoscope to look into the upper gastrointestinal tract. An EGD causes minimal discomfort and allows the doctor to closely examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine (or duodenum) for diagnostic and biopsy purposes.

A video capsule endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in which the patient swallows a tiny, wireless video camera contained in a battery-powered capsule to provide detailed imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and small intestine, which are difficult to access with a traditional endoscopy.

Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue. Doctors use it to treat many skin conditions (including warts and skin tags) and some cancers, including prostate, cervical and liver cancer. This treatment is also called cryoablation.

Hernia repair surgery can be open or laparoscopic. Both use synthetic mesh and/or internal sutures to mend the hole in the abdominal or groin muscles. Both are highly effective. Laparoscopic hernia repair costs more and requires general anesthesia but generally causes less pain and scarring. Open hernia repair can be done with local anesthetic, but may have a longer recovery time and larger scar.

Surgical shunts for portal hypertension (high blood pressure at the liver) manage the condition with a small metal coil (stent) that is implanted with X-ray imaging guidance in the portal vein to the liver, holding it open to keep a clear channel for blood flow and reduce blood pressure.

An endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a specialized surgical procedure to remove deep tumors from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the stomach, colon, and esophagus, without removing the organ. It is a minimally invasive, outpatient surgery performed with an endoscope.

Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is a surgery to treat gallstones. Performed either as open or laparoscopic, the procedure removes the gallbladder (a non-essential organ that stores bile), thus preventing the pain, infection, and inflammation associated with gallstones.

A minimally-invasive distal pancreatectomy is a laparoscopic surgery to remove tumors from the body and/or tail of the pancreas. The spleen is frequently also removed, based on its location. The surgery leaves at least the head of the pancreas, which is generally sufficient for function.

Splenectomy is spleen-removal surgery, often due to the organ rupturing or the presence of tumors. A minimally invasive (laparoscopic) splenectomy is most common, as it causes less pain and a shorter hospital stay and recovery. However, an open splenectomy may be necessary if the spleen is particularly large/swollen or there is scar tissue present in the spleen.

The Whipple procedure (or minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy) is a common surgery to treat pancreatic cancer. The procedure removes the head of the pancreas (where most pancreatic cancer occurs) as well as the duodenum, bile duct, and, in some instances, part of the stomach.

Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an electrical current to remove specific tissue for a variety of concerns, such as treating tumors and managing pain. For pain management, radiofrequency ablation stops nerve tissue from transmitting pain signals, offering relief for chronic back and arthritic pain.

A variety of surgical procedures to support weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese and have found diet and exercise to be ineffective. Common types of bariatric procedures include gastric bypass, gastric band, and sleeve gastrectomy.

An endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) surgery removes abnormal, precancerous, or early-stage cancer tissue from the lining (mucous) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the esophagus and colon. The procedure uses an endoscope tube and does not require an incision.

An Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a gastroenterological procedure used to address problems in the pancreas, bile ducts, and the liver (such as gallstones or cancers). ERCP uses a combination of X-rays and an upper-GI endoscopy to see, diagnose, and treat problems without major surgery.

An endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate gastrointestinal and lung diseases (including cancers), as well as pancreatic tumors/cysts and bile duct stones. The minimally invasive test provides detailed information, and can also be used to biopsy or direct medication into a targeted area.

A fecal transplant (bacteriotherapy) treats C. difficile colitis, a serious bacterial infection, by putting healthy stool into sick person’s colon. The transfer of stool introduces healthy bacteria and creates bacterial balance, often quickly healing chronic C. diff.

Feeding tubes ensure the body can receive sufficient nutrients when disease or injury prevents the body from receiving them through normal eating and drinking (e.g., due to the inability to swallow). PEG feeding tube goes directly to the stomach; PEJ feeding tube goes directly to the small intestine; and short-term NG tubes go down the nose into the stomach.

The LINX Reflux Management System is a device used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), placed with laparoscopic surgery. The LINX device is a small ring of magnetic titanium beads that is placed around the base of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is weak in those who suffer from GERD. The device keeps the sphincter closed, preventing reflux.

CT (computerized tomography) body imaging is a diagnostic tool that provides a detailed look at the organs of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. CT body imaging provides detailed views from many angles and cross-sections of the organs, bones, and soft tissues, and blood vessels, and often incorporates contrast dye to narrow in on a specific area.

Computerized tomography (CT) neuro imaging is a diagnostic tool that provides detailed views of the brain from many angles and in specific “slices” throughout. CT brain scans are used to detect and monitor injuries, tumors, and brain diseases, often with the assistance of contrast dye.

Liver and kidney biopsies are diagnostic procedures performed by removing a small piece of organ tissue for evaluation, typically with the use of a biopsy needle. The biopsied tissue can be closely examined to determine the presence and/or severity of liver or kidney disease.

A neck biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that removes a small sample of tissue from a lump in the neck (e.g., from the thyroid gland) to be analyzed in a lab. Performed with a biopsy needle, an ultrasound is typically used to guide the procedure.

A prostate biopsy is a diagnostic procedure to detect prostate cancer if a prostrate screening has shown any abnormality. A biopsy needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue or cells from the prostate gland (in males), which are then examined under a microscope.

Thyroid/lymph node biopsies are minimally invasive diagnostic procedures that use a fine needle to remove a small sample of tissue or cells from the thyroid gland or lymph nodes for examination in a lab. Typically, these biopsies are used to determine the presence or progression of cancer.

A minimally invasive diagnostic procedure to remove infected fluid from the body, most commonly in the abdomen or pelvis. During the procedure, an interventional radiologist uses imaging guidance to insert a thin needle or catheter into the affected area to drain the abscess fluid.

Biliary interventions are minimally invasive procedures performed to open or unblock bile ducts. Bile ducts refer to the passageway (that digestive fluid flows through) between the liver and gallbladder. When these ducts become narrowed or blocked, bile cannot pass into the small intestine, resulting in infection.

Carotid/cerebral angiograms are diagnostic procedures that utilize contrast dye and X-ray imaging to closely examine the carotid arteries, which carry blood to the brain, and the blood vessels of the brain. They are used to spot any narrowing or other abnormalities that present high risk for aneurysms or strokes.

A catheter angiography is a diagnostic/treatment procedure that generates imaging of the blood vessels. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) inserted through a limb or the groin is used to inject contrast dye that allows the blood vessels to show up in detailed X-ray imaging, revealing blockages, aneurysms, and other abnormalities.

Catheter directed thrombolysis is a nonsurgical method of treating blood clots. Often used in cases of deep vein thrombosis, which can cause pulmonary embolism, the procedure involves inserting and running a catheter to the clot-affected area and, through it, injecting clot-dissolving medicine or removing it by suction if necessary.

Coil occlusion of aneurysms is a minimally invasive procedure to treat cerebral (brain) aneurysms. A catheter is used to insert tiny, platinum coils into the aneurysm, blocking more blood from entering the aneurysm. Coil occlusion is most often used to treat unruptured aneurysms.

CT angiography is a medical test that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye. That dye produces pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of the body.

A musculoskeletal CT (computerized tomography) is a diagnostic imaging tool that provides detailed views of the bones, joints, muscles, and ligaments, and is used to detect muscle and bone damage and diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, muscular dystrophy, and tendinitis.

A computerized tomography (CT) virtual colonography is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to examine the colon for polyps and cancer. It’s a minimally invasive alternative to a traditional colonoscopy that provides detailed X-ray imaging.

Dialysis and fistula declotting and interventions use angioplasty and stenting procedures to open up narrowed blood vessels and improve blood flow in patients receiving kidney dialysis. Dialysis requires a fistula and graft to grant the doctor access to the blood vessels to withdraw and replace the blood being treated, and these may become blocked or narrowed.

Embolization of bleeding, tumors, and vascular lesions is a procedure used to stop internal/arterial bleeding, as well as to cut off blood supply to (and thus shrink) tumors and aneurysms. Embolization is performed by inserting blocking materials (e.g., small metal coils) through a catheter.

Extracranial and intracranial angioplasty is a treatment for the narrowing or blocking (stenosis) of the carotid artery — extracranial when it’s outside the skull, intracranial when it’s inside the skull. Angioplasty (with or without stenting) is a minimally invasive procedure to widen/open blocked blood vessels.

Inferior vena filter placement and removal are procedures involving a small device (filter) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) in order to prevent blood clots, particularly deep vein thromboses, from traveling to the lungs. The IVC is located in the abdomen and carries blood from the lower body (e.g., legs and pelvis) back to the heart.

Interventions for arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connections between veins and arteries) of the brain and spine include endovascular coiling/embolization, surgical resection, and stereotactic radiosurgery, depending on the location of the malformation and whether it is ruptured or unruptured.

Paracentesis and thoracentesis are procedures used to remove built-up fluid from the body, often caused by cancer or infection. A paracentesis removes fluid from the (peritoneal) abdominal cavity. A thoracentesis removes excess fluid from the pleural cavity, between the lungs and the chest wall.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure to treat portal hypertension (high blood pressure at the liver). With X-ray imaging guidance, a small metal coil is placed in the portal vein to the liver, holding it open to keep a clear channel for blood flow and reduce blood pressure.

Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE) is a minimally invasive, nonsurgical treatment for uterine fibroids that preserves the uterus. UFE is a radiological procedure that uses a catheter and contrast dye to direct small polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles into the fibroids to block blood flow and therefore deprive them of nutrients, shrinking them.

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures that treat vertebral compression fractures in the spine, often the result of osteoporosis, by injecting bone cement into the vertebra. In kyphoplasty, a balloon first creates space in the center of the vertebra to restore height, which is then filled with bone cement. Both are guided by radiology and contrast dye.

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

The CyberKnife allows patients to lie comfortably on the procedure table without anesthesia while the robotic arm moves, without touching them, to treat all areas of the tumor.

A heart, or cardiac, CT scan is used by a physician to view your heart and blood vessels. These scans create detailed images, which can help your doctor to detect any problems.

A heart MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the structures within and around the heart.

Radiofrequency ablation is one of the most common ablation methods for small tumors. It uses high-energy radio waves. The doctor inserts a thin, needle-like probe into the tumor through the skin. A high-frequency current is then passed through the tip of the probe, which heats the tumor and destroys the cancer cells.

Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE places chemotherapy and synthetic materials called embolic agents into a blood vessel feeding a cancerous tumor to cut off the tumor's blood supply and trap the chemotherapy within the tumor. It is most often used to treat liver cancer but may also be used in patients whose cancer has spread to other areas of the body. Chemoembolization may be used as a standalone treatment or in combination with surgery, ablation, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Angioplasty is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a catheter with a small balloon on the tip is inserted into a blocked blood vessel to widen the artery and restore blood flow. Sometimes angioplasty requires the placement of a stent (a metal mesh tube) in the artery to help keep it open permanently.

Intracranial stenting is a treatment for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) — the hardening of the arteries in the brain, which causes recurrent stroke and ischemic attacks —by placing small stents in the affected blood vessels.

Ankle arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that orthopaedic surgeons use to treat problems in the ankle joint. Ankle arthroscopy uses a thin fiber-optic camera (arthroscope) that can magnify and transmit images of the ankle to a video screen. Ankle arthroscopies can reduce ankle pain and improve overall function. Ankle reconstruction is a surgery to tighten and firm up one or more ankle ligaments on the outside of your ankle. It's also known as the Brostrom procedure. It's most often done as an outpatient surgery, so you can go

The Alter G Anti-Gravity Treadmill uses air pressure to help unweight the patient. This allows the lower body to be enclosed and supported by the air pressure. ... Once the machine has calibrated to the individual, the body support percentage can be adjusted as desired.

Body composition testing provides the precise breakdown of fat mass vs. muscle mass in the body, where each is stored, and any corresponding health risks. Armed with that information, nutritional consultation can offer tailored, effective lifestyle and nutritional changes for better health outcomes.

ImPACT testing is a neurocognitive screening tool to assess and manage concussions. The program offers baseline and post-injury testing of verbal and visual memory, reaction times, and processing speed in order to specifically evaluate a concussion’s effects and inform treatment decisions.

Debridement is a procedure for treating a wound. It involves thoroughly cleaning the wound and removing all infected and nonviable tissue.

Flexibility exercises help maintain and improve the length, range, and elasticity of the muscles and connective tissue, simultaneously supporting range of motion, muscle limberness, and skeletal/joint health. Flexibility is essential in maintaining physical wellbeing with age.

Fracture care should be specific to the type and cause of fracture — e.g., simple, complex, or burst; caused by injury or osteoporosis; on the bone, joint surface, or clavicle. Treating fractures involves realigning and stabilizing the bone and giving it time to heal, while also managing pain and taking measures to maintain/restore function.

The functional movement screen is a diagnostic assessment that utilizes seven fundamental movement patterns to spot any instabilities, imbalances, and asymmetries. The screen can assess risk for musculoskeletal injury, and inform specific interventions to therefore prevent injury.

Functional movement training is a fitness approach that that works multiple muscle groups at once to build balanced, holistic strength; improve daily movement patterns; and prevent injury. In addition to strength, functional movement training improves proprioception, coordination, and neuromuscular wellness.

Gait training is a specific type of physical therapy to improve mobility and balance and safely develop a healthy walking pattern, particularly after injury or illness. By improving overall mobility and encouraging physical activity, gait training also provides a boost to overall health.

Hip resurfacing is a minimal artificial joint replacement where the hip joint is relined instead of being completely replaced.

Injury assessment provides a thorough evaluation of one’s medical vital signs; pain level (quality and severity of pain, what provoked it and when); and the “six Ps”: pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulses, paralysis, and pressure. Whether a traumatic/acute or chronic injury, this assessment will inform the treatment plan.

Injury is a term to describe damage to the body caused by falls and other types of accidents, physical violence, and weapons. Injuries can be minor or they can be severe and even life-threatening.

Joint mobilization is a gentle type of manual therapy as the sustained rhythmic passive accessory movements are performed to patient tolerance, with the patient always able to stop the movement.

Massage is a manual therapy to reduce pain and tension through the manipulation of the muscles and other soft tissue. In addition to physical benefits, massage therapy has been shown to reduce stress and boost immune function, leading it be recommended to those being treated for conditions such as cancer and fibromyalgia, as well as musculoskeletal pain.

Minimally invasive surgery for hip or knee replacement has become generally regarded as a state-of-the art approach to these common orthopaedic procedures. Smaller incisions and a speedier recovery are benfits of this technique.

Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by physical therapists to restore normal body movement patterns.

A revision arthroplasty is a surgery to fully or partially replace (reoperate) a prosthetic joint from a previous joint replacement, whether due to wear and tear, infection, or an imperfect fit. For example, a hip revision arthroplasty repairs or replaces components from an original hip replacement surgery.

Sports certified physical therapy is a specialized, board-certified area of physical therapy geared toward athletes of all levels (through the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties). In addition to acute care and injury management/rehabilitation, it requires prevention and education in order to identify and address underlying conditions, not just treat symptoms.

Strength and conditioning training aims to reduce risk of injury and improve functional fitness and athletic performance by improving the quality of movement. Physical therapy and strength and conditioning training are mutually beneficial and often go hand-in-hand.

Strengthening is an essential element and goal of physical therapy and rehabilitation programs, along with range of motion, coordination, and balance. Resistance is generally increased over time to build muscle strength and endurance.

A unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (partial knee replacement) is an orthopedic surgery to treat osteoarthritis in the knee, possible when damage is only in one component of the knee. The procedure replaces/resurfaces the damaged bone and cartilage with metal and plastic prosthetics, leaving the healthy remainder of the knee. The pain, recovery, and incisions are significantly less severe than with a full knee replacement.

A hip replacement is a surgical procedure to treat hip pain and discomfort by removing damaged bone and cartilage from the hip joint and replacing them with artificial implants. An anterior hip replacement is a type of hip replacement surgery in which a surgeon makes a small incision near the front of the hip to access the hip joint. This technique is minimally invasive and often leads to a quicker recovery than other hip replacement methods.

During arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, the surgeon makes several small incisions—usually two or three—around the knee. Sterile saline (salt) solution is pumped into the knee through one incision to expand it and to wash blood from the area. This allows the doctor to see the knee structures more clearly.

Arthroscopic Joint Repair of the hip and knee is a minor outpatient surgery used to treat individuals with an injured, inflamed, or damaged hip or knee joint. During an arthroscopic procedure, a surgeon will insert a small fiber-optic camera, known as an arthroscope, through a small incision to view and repair the affected area.

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a type of shoulder surgery used to repair a tear of the rotator cuff in your shoulder. Shoulder arthroscopy uses small incisions and special equipment to view and repair an injury, and is considered less-invasive than traditional open surgery.

Arthroscopic Shoulder Repair is a minor outpatient surgery used to treat individuals with an injured, inflamed, or damaged shoulder joint. During an arthroscopic procedure, a surgeon will insert a small fiber-optic camera, known as an arthroscope, through a small incision to view and repair the affected area.

Arthrosurface is a knee joint replacement system used to restore the knee joint while preserving the bone and supporting tissue. Arthrosurface knee repair is an alternative to traditional total knee replacement surgery.

Articular cartilage is the cartilage that covers the ends of your bones where they form joints. Articular cartilage repair (or restoration) is a medical procedure in which a surgeon repairs damage to articular cartilage from injury or normal wear and tear.

Cartilage injury repair is the process of healing and regenerating damage to cartilage, an essential connective tissue of the joints. Based on the severity of the cartilage injury, repair may range from rest to corticosteroid injections to surgical procedures like implants and grafts, or microfracture and drilling to promote regrowth.

Follow-up care after orthopedic surgery generally involves immediate at-home care such as icing and dressing the wound; carefully paced mobility and physical therapy exercises; in some cases, managing medical equipment and medication; and in-office follow-ups with the doctor.

Hand repair is a type of surgery that treats both acute and chronic conditions of the hand, wrist, and forearm. Hand repair surgery includes procedures such as hand reconstruction (e.g., after an injury), nerve repair, and tendon repair. Its aim is to restore function to the extremity.

Joint replacement is a surgical procedure that is performed when a joint is severely worn or damaged. It involves the partial or complete removal of the old, damaged joint, replacing it with an artificial joint.

Meniscal surgery is a procedure to treat a torn meniscus in the knee, either by repairing the tear or by removing all or part of the meniscus. Meniscal tears are generally first treated with physical therapy, but if the tear does not heal (or from the start in severe cases), meniscal surgery may be recommended.

minimally invasive Joint replacement uses a smaller skin incision and tends to require less cutting of other soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Muscle and tendon repair is surgery done to treat a torn or otherwise damaged muscles and tendons. Tendons are the soft, band-like tissues that connect muscles to bone. When the muscles contract, the tendons pull the bones and cause the joints to move.

A partial knee replacement is an orthopedic surgery to treat osteoarthritis in the knee, possible when damage is only in one component of the knee. The procedure replaces/resurfaces the damaged bone and cartilage with metal and plastic prosthetics, leaving the healthy remainder of the knee. The pain, recovery, and incisions are significantly less severe than with a full knee replacement.

Rotator cuff repair is a type of shoulder surgery used to repair a tear of the rotator cuff in your shoulder.

Shoulder repair and replacement surgeries (shoulder arthroplasty) treat shoulder injuries by replacing damaged parts with prosthetic components. Surgery is typically called for in cases of severe breaks and arthritis, or when physical therapy and other interventions are not effective.

SLAP repair (or SLAP tear surgery, for superior labrum anterior to posterior) is a shoulder surgery to repair damage to the cartilage ring of the shoulder socket (labrum), which can result from overuse or from acute injury. The procedure is performed as a minimally invasive arthroscopy.

A total knee replacement (arthroplasty) is an orthopedic surgery to remove severely damaged bone and cartilage of the knee, often caused by osteoarthritis, and replace it with metal, polymer, and plastic prosthetics. Knee replacement surgery drastically improves mobility and reduces pain.

ACL reconstruction is surgery to replace a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) — a major ligament in your knee. ACL injuries most commonly occur during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction.

Bone grafting is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon repairs or replaces a damaged bone with a piece of bone from another part of your body. The cells inside the new bone then bond themselves to the damaged bone.

Foot reconstruction surgery can correct disorders, injuries, and deformities in the bones, muscles, and ligaments of the foot and ankle in order to restore function. Issues treated by foot reconstruction include heel/bone spurs, plantar fasciitis, infections, arthritis, flat feet, and hammer toe.

Ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure to repair or replace a damaged ligament. Ligaments are tough, elastic connective tissues that stabilize and support joints. An injury or tear to a ligament causes pain, loss of range of motion and movement, and destabilization of the joint.

Epidural or trigger point injections are used to treat persistent or chronic musculoskeletal pain. A highly localized anesthetic is injected directly at trigger points (small knots or tender areas in the soft tissue, often near the bones or joints) to relieve pain and other symptoms.

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as a medicine or medication, is any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.

Nerve blocks and nerve stimulators are outpatient procedures to treat chronic nerve pain. Nerve blocks are targeted injections of local anesthetic, often with an anti-inflammatory, to identify and treat the source of nerve pain. Nerve stimulation uses an implanted device to send electrical pulses to the affected nerve (or spinal cord) to interfere with pain-signaling nerve impulses.

Techniques to arrest nerve impulses include nerve blocks and nerve stimulators, outpatient procedures to treat chronic nerve pain. Nerve blocks are targeted injections of local anesthetic, often with an anti-inflammatory. Nerve stimulation uses an implanted device to send electrical pulses to the affected nerve (or spinal cord) to interfere with pain-signaling nerve impulses.

Abdominal reduction, also known as Abdominoplasty, is a procedure that involves removing excess fat and skin from the abdominal wall while restoring weakened or separated muscles resulting in a smoother, flatter abdomen.

An arm lift (also known as Brachioplasty) is a cosmetic surgical procedure to remove excess skin and fat from the under portion of the arm between the armpit and the elbow, resulting in a smoother, firmer appearance.

Breast alteration is a cosmetic surgery to change the shape and/or size of the breasts, including to correct asymmetry. Breast augmentation, an alteration procedure to increase breast size, can use either breast implants (typically saline or silicone) or fat transfer, depending on the desired shape and feel.

Breast augmentation also known as augmentation mammoplasty, is surgery to change breast size. For others it's part of rebuilding the breast for various conditions

A breast lift (mastopexy) is a cosmetic surgery that raises and recontours the breasts by removing skin and tightening or reshaping the breast tissue. It is generally performed due to changes from pregnancy/breastfeeding, age, or significant weight change. A breast lift changes the shape and position, but not the size, of the breasts.

Breast reconstruction after cancer is a surgery to rebuild breasts after a mastectomy or lumpectomy, and can be performed using implants or tissue transfer. It’s performed in multiple stages, which can begin immediately after breast cancer surgery, or be delayed. Federal law requires that insurance cover breast reconstruction after surgery.

Breast reduction is a surgery that removes skin, tissue, and fat from the breasts to reduce their size. It may be performed for aesthetic or body proportion reasons, or to reduce back/neck pain and limitations in physical activity caused by the weight of excessively large breasts (macromastia).

Chin contouring is a cosmetic procedure to add definition to the chin and jawline. The procedure may involve removing excess skin and/or fat; injectable dermal fillers or implants; and/or botox to change the size, shape, and prominence of the chin and jaw.

Craniofacial deformities or anomalies are congenital (present at birth) abnormalities of the bones of the skull and face, such as brachycephaly, cleft palate, and craniosynostosis. They may be caused by genetics, environment, trauma, and/or nutritional deficiencies. Many are severe and often require surgery to correct.

Dermabrasion is a cosmetic procedure used to resurface the skin by “sanding” it, e.g., to remove scars (from acne or injury) or uneven skin tone. Much more aggressive than microdermabrasion, the procedure requires downtime to recover.

Eyelid rejuvenation (blepharoplasty) is a cosmetic surgical procedure to remove excess skin and tissue around the eyes to reduce bags, puffiness, sagging, and wrinkles for improved vision or aesthetic reasons. It can be performed on the lower and/or upper eyelids.

Face lift (rhytidectomy) is a category of cosmetic surgery that removes or adjusts skin, fat, and muscle in the face and/or neck to change the shape and appearance of the face, particularly to undo signs of aging. The procedure varies with individual goals and facial structure, but generally lifts, tightens, and smooths facial tissues.

Liposuction is a plastic surgery procedure that is used to remove subcutaneous fat, typically from the abdomen, hips, thighs, back, and arms. The procedure also helps to shape and contour these areas of the body.

Rhinoplasty, more commonly known as a nose job, is a form of plastic surgery that is used to change the shape of the nose. This may be done for purely cosmetic purposes, to improve breathing, or both.

A thigh lift (thighplasty) is an invasive cosmetic surgical procedure that removes excess skin from the thighs to improve their aesthetic appearance, often after someone has lost a large amount of weight and the skin remains stretched out or sagging. Thigh lifts may target the inner, medial, and/or outer thighs.

The surgical removal of a body part such as a limb, hand, foot, finger, or toe. An amputation can be a life-altering experience, forcing the patient to relearn how to move and interact with their environment without a part of their body. An amputation may be caused by a traumatic accident (known as a traumatic amputation) or by disease, destruction, or infection of bodily tissue (known as surgical amputation).

Cardiopulmonary dysfunction refers to a range of (often serious) conditions that affect the heart and the lungs, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatments may range from lifestyle changes to medication to surgery, depending on the individual case.

Chronic pain is persistent, ongoing pain that lasts for more than six months, such as migraines, back pain, nerve pain, arthritis, and cancer. Chronic pain affects daily life; does not generally have a clear, present underlying cause; and often leads to fatigue, changes in appetite, and mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, and anger.

General debility — which refers to muscle weakness, not fatigue — often results from pain/injuries, heart/lung problems, and metabolic or neuromuscular disorders, and it interferes with daily tasks. Treating general debility requires rehabilitation therapy

Injury is a term to describe damage to the body caused by falls and other types of accidents, physical violence, and weapons. Injuries can be minor or they can be severe and even life-threatening.

Injury treatment may include rest, medication, physical therapy, and/or surgery, depending on the severity and location of the injury. While simple sprains can be resolved with the “RICE” treatment (rest, ice, compression, elevation), it's important to receive a full assessment of sports injuries to ensure the treatment plan aligns with the injury and does not miss underlying causes.

Neuromuscular disorders cause problems with the muscles, the nerves that control them, and communication between the two (e.g., neuropathy, muscular dystrophy). Neurological disorders are issues with the brain, spinal cord, and nerves (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, stroke, migraines, epilepsy).

Performance enhancement physical therapy works toward injury prevention, recovery, and overall fitness. Performance enhancement training starts with a thorough assessment of an individual’s biomechanics and functional/musculoskeletal imbalances and works to improve balance, proprioception, and coordination as well as strength, power, and flexibility.

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA, or stroke) can cause other conditions that require treatment and/or rehabilitation, including the disruption or loss of speech, vision, memory, and motor skills. The severity of the CVA and how quickly it was treated will affect the duration and intensity of necessary rehabilitation, such as with occupational and speech therapists.

Rehabilitation and therapy services include inpatient and outpatient physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology services. These services are provided to people who are recovering from an injury or illness or have a chronic health condition or disability.

Post orthopedic surgery recovery varies by procedure, but all require rehabilitation. This involves cleaning and care of any incisions, carefully following the doctor’s instructions on introducing and increasing movement (for joint replacements, in particular, this is ASAP), and, often, completing physical therapy.

Maxillomandibular osteotomy (MMO) is a surgical procedure that cuts the bones of both the upper and lower jaws in order to reconfigure the alignment of the jaw, generally by adding or removing a wedge of bone. It is used to correct jaw abnormalities, and in maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery to treat obstructive sleep apnea.

Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) is an outpatient ENT surgery to treat snoring by removing some or all of the uvula (the flesh hanging from the soft palate in the back of the mouth) with a carbon dioxide laser.

Tracheotomy refers to an incision created in the front of the neck, through the trachea, through which a tube is inserted directly into the windpipe through this opening to remove fluid from the lungs and to facilitate breathing by moving oxygen directly to the lungs. A tracheotomy can be temporary or permanent, and is not synonymous with being on a ventilator.

Midline glossectomy and lingualplasty is a surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea that reduces the size of the tongue. The tongue can enlarge with weight gain, making it obstructive to breathing during sleep. Midline glossectomy and lingualplasty removes portions of the middle and the back of the tongue.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP or UP3) is a surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. UPPP removes and/or rearranges tissue of the throat such as the uvula, soft palate, tonsils, adenoids, and pharynx to increase the size of the airway and allow for better airflow and breathing.

Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) is a surgery to treat obstructive sleep apnea. MMA works by repositioning the upper and lower jaws further forward in order to open the airway and remove obstruction, both by the palate and the tongue.

A discography (or discogram) is a diagnostic imaging test used to assess the source of back pain. Contrast dye is injected into the discs between vertebrae in order to show detail of any damage. The procedure is a controversial one in terms of reliability, and CT scans and MRIs are generally more trusted.

Epidural steroid injections (ESI) relieve pain and inflammation in the back and limbs. A steroid, often alongside an anesthetic, is injected directly into the affected area in order to treat conditions such as pinched nerves, sciatica, herniated discs, and spinal stenosis.

Facet and medial branch blocks are injections to treat or diagnose pain in the spine, particularly at the facet joints between vertebrae. An anesthetic, often with a steroid, is injected into or around the facet joint to block pain and help direct future treatment.

Intrathecal pain pumps are drug delivery systems used to manage chronic or cancer pain by delivering medication directly to the fluid around the spinal cord (via a catheter attached to a surgically implanted pump). Pain pumps allow for more effective treatment with lower doses of drugs, hopefully limiting side effects.

Pain management deals in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of all different types of pain. Pain is actually a wide spectrum of disorders including acute pain, chronic pain and cancer pain.

Physical therapy, also known as physiotherapy, is a service that teaches patients movements and exercises to improve their strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical therapy is used to help people recover physical injury, chronic conditions, and disabilities.

Posterior cervical fusion (PCF) is spine surgery used to stabilize and/or straighten the cervical spine (neck) in order to treat conditions such as stenosis, fractures, and structural abnormalities. PCF removes pieces of bone as necessary relieve pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, then uses rods, screws, and bone to make the vertebrae grow (fuse) together and work as one bone.

Spinal tumor resection is the surgical removal of tumors in the spinal column, which can cause neurological issues even when benign. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia, and requires the opening and suturing of the tissue that surrounds the spinal canal.

Spinal cord stimulation is a minimally invasive surgical treatment for chronic nerve pain in the spinal column that is nonresponsive to medication and other therapies with the use of an implanted device that issues electrical pulses to interfere with pain-signaling nerve signals being sent to the brain.

Cervical spine fusion surgery permanently connects vertebrae in the neck (cervical spine) using pieces of bone (grated or synthetic) and metal. It is used to treat herniations, extreme instability (e.g., from severe arthritis), and other malformations of the spine. After a fusion, the operated-upon vertebrae work as one unit, without motion between them.

Minimally invasive spine surgery is a surgical procedure that is performed using tiny instruments through a small incision, rather than through a larger opening. This form of surgery offers the same benefits of open surgery, but results in a quicker operation, less pain, and a shorter healing time.

Total disc replacement (arthroplasty) is a surgical treatment for degenerative discs in the spine, offering an alternative to spinal fusion. The procedure removes the worn/degenerated disc (which acts as a cushion between vertebra) and replaces it with a prosthetic disc made of metal and/or plastic.

Spinal radiosurgery is a noninvasive, outpatient surgical treatment method that uses high-powered, highly specific doses of radiation to treat tumors on the bones, tissue, or nerves of the spinal column. The procedure is painless and minimizes harm to healthy tissue.

A microscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy is performed for patients with a symptomatic cervical herniated disc with foraminal stenosis occurring at one or two levels of the spine. It is performed to remove the large, arthritic bone spurs and a portion of the herniated disc(s) compressing the spinal nerves.

A facet rhizotomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to address pain in the facet joints of the spine (found between the vertebrae on the back/posterior side of the spine). A rhizotomy uses electrodes to deaden the nerves at specifically identified sources of pain, thus stopping the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a surgery to remove a herniated or degenerative disc in the neck.

Cervical laminoplasty is a surgical procedure on the vertebrae of the neck (cervical spine) to treat compression of the spinal cord or nerves caused by narrowing or degeneration. The procedure enlarges or reshapes the spinal canal by cutting out a section of each vertebra’s bony lamina, repositioning it as a wedge, and securing it with small metal plates.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon removes part or all of a vertebral bone, known as a lamina. This is done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots that is caused by a herniated disk, spinal injury, spinal stenosis, or a tumor.

Lumbar microscopic discectomy (microdiscectomy) is a surgical treatment for a herniation in the lumbar spine. It’s a minimally invasive procedure to remove the protruding part of the herniated disc to reduce nerve compression and pain.

Thoracic laminoplasty is a surgical procedure on the vertebrae of the upper/mid back (thoracic spine) to treat compression of the spinal cord or nerves caused by narrowing or degeneration. The procedure enlarges or reshapes the spinal canal by cutting out a section of each vertebra’s bony lamina, repositioning it as a wedge, and securing it with small metal plates.

A bronchoscopy allows for the close examination of the airways to treat, biopsy, and diagnose conditions of the lungs. The procedure involves inserting a thin tube through the mouth or nose, down the trachea, and into the airways, where the specialized scope can capture images and, if needed, collect tissue samples.

A colonoscopy procedure consists of a long, firm and flexible plastic tube with a tiny digital camera and light at one end. A colonoscopy can be used to look for colon polyps or bowel cancer and to help diagnose different symptoms.

A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure of the lower colon and rectum to identify bowel disorders and screen for cancer with a specialized endoscope. A sigmoidoscopy is similar to a colonoscopy, but it does not go as far into the colon and causes less discomfort.

A small bowel enteroscopy is a specialized, inflatable (double-balloon) endoscopic procedure that can be used to diagnose and/or treat problems in the small bowel such as IBS, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal bleeding or tumors. The endoscope can be introduced orally or rectally.

An upper GI endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or EGD), is a procedure that uses an endoscope to look into the upper gastrointestinal tract. An EGD causes minimal discomfort and allows the doctor to closely examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine (or duodenum) for diagnostic and biopsy purposes.

A video capsule endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in which the patient swallows a tiny, wireless video camera contained in a battery-powered capsule to provide detailed imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and small intestine, which are difficult to access with a traditional endoscopy.

A Temporary Pump, to Relieve Stress on the Heart and Decrease Damage to the Muscle

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to widen coronary arteries that have been blocked or narrowed. The procedure involves the use of a catheter to place a stent in the heart, opening the blood vessels and improving blood flow. PCI may be used for the relief of coronary heart disease symptoms or to reduce damage to the heart before or after a heart attack.

Thrombolytic medication is given through the veins to dissolve blood clots. Unlike blood thinners, which just stop clots from growing, thrombolytics (or "clot busters") actually, and quickly, dissolve the clot. Thrombolytics are most commonly used in emergency, acute situations.

Advanced Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a small incision (usually no longer than half an inch) is made in the skin to access the abdomen. Robotic (or robot-assisted) surgery is often associated with advanced laparoscopy to enable more precision and flexibility than traditional surgical techniques.

The traditional and most common type of surgery for aortic aneurysms is open chest repair. It involves a major incision in the chest. General anesthesia is needed with this procedure. The aneurysm is removed and the section of aorta is replaced with an artificial graft made of material such as Dacron® or Teflon®. The surgery takes 3 to 6 hours, and the patient remains in the hospital for 5 to 8 days. It often takes a month to recover from open chest surgery and return to full activity.

A specially designed catheter with a tiny balloon is carefully guided through the artery to the blockage, then inflated to widen the opening and increase blood flow to the heart. A stent is often placed during the procedure, to keep the artery open after the balloon is deflated and removed.

A valvuloplasty, also known as balloon valvuloplasty or balloon valvotomy, is a procedure to repair a heart valve that has a narrowed opening. In a narrowed heart valve, the valve flaps (leaflets) may become thick or stiff and fuse together (stenosis). This reduces blood flow through the valve.

A variety of surgical procedures to support weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese and have found diet and exercise to be ineffective. Common types of bariatric procedures include gastric bypass, gastric band, and sleeve gastrectomy.

A minimally invasive surgical procedure to correct or improve a previous weight loss surgery (such as Gastric Band or Gastric Bypass Surgery).

Bariatric surgery is surgery on the stomach and/or intestines to help a person with extreme obesity lose weight.

Bioprosthetic heart valves are most commonly either made of bovine (cow) or porcine (pig) tissue. Of course the main advantage of a bioprosthetic valve is that there is not typically the need for life long blood thinning medication and therefore a significantly lower risk of bleeding.

Breast surgery is an operation performed on the breasts, and may be done for medical or cosmetic reasons. Lumpectomy or mastectomy breast cancer surgeries are the most common medical procedures, while breast augmentations, lifts, reductions, and reconstructions (after cancer) are the most common cosmetic ones.

Cardiovascular and thoracic (or cardiothoracic) treats conditions in the structures and organs of the chest, such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, diaphragm, and major blood vessels. Depending on individual factors, cardiothoracic surgery may be open or endoscopic.

Colorectal surgery service provides a full range of diagnostic tests, scans, outpatient consultations and treatments for patients with symptoms of benign and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Coronary artery bypass surgery (a.k.a., coronary artery bypass graft) and related procedures are treatments for coronary artery disease. A bypass surgery grafts healthy blood vessels around coronary artery blockages to redirect blood around the blockage and restore healthy blood flow to the heart.

Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue. Doctors use it to treat many skin conditions (including warts and skin tags) and some cancers, including prostate, cervical and liver cancer. This treatment is also called cryoablation.

Endocrine surgery treats conditions of the pancreas and the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. The endocrine system produces the body’s hormones and regulates many of its functions. Endocrine disorders such as diabetes, adrenal cancer, and hyperthyroidism dysregulate core body functions, which endocrine surgery may correct.

An endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) surgery removes abnormal, precancerous, or early-stage cancer tissue from the lining (mucous) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the esophagus and colon. The procedure uses an endoscope tube and does not require an incision.

An Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a gastroenterological procedure used to address problems in the pancreas, bile ducts, and the liver (such as gallstones or cancers). ERCP uses a combination of X-rays and an upper-GI endoscopy to see, diagnose, and treat problems without major surgery.

Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty is a weight loss procedure in which an endoscopist inserts a suturing device into the stomach through the throat. Sutures are then placed into the stomach to reduce its size. This procedure is often performed in place of a surgical sleeve gastrectomy, which requires surgery.

An endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a specialized surgical procedure to remove deep tumors from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the stomach, colon, and esophagus, without removing the organ. It is a minimally invasive, outpatient surgery performed with an endoscope.

An endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate gastrointestinal and lung diseases (including cancers), as well as pancreatic tumors/cysts and bile duct stones. The minimally invasive test provides detailed information, and can also be used to biopsy or direct medication into a targeted area.

A fecal transplant (bacteriotherapy) treats C. difficile colitis, a serious bacterial infection, by putting healthy stool into sick person’s colon. The transfer of stool introduces healthy bacteria and creates bacterial balance, often quickly healing chronic C. diff.

Feeding tubes ensure the body can receive sufficient nutrients when disease or injury prevents the body from receiving them through normal eating and drinking (e.g., due to the inability to swallow). PEG feeding tube goes directly to the stomach; PEJ feeding tube goes directly to the small intestine; and short-term NG tubes go down the nose into the stomach.

Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is a surgery to treat gallstones. Performed either as open or laparoscopic, the procedure removes the gallbladder (a non-essential organ that stores bile), thus preventing the pain, infection, and inflammation associated with gallstones.

Surgery on the liver and biliary system (the gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas) treats problems of the digestive system — such as pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, bile duct disorders, and gallstones — in order to restore healthy functioning to the system, which creates/stores bile, filters blood, removes waste, and control blood sugar.

A Gastric Balloon is designed to help you lose weight while developing sustainable, healthy habits that will help you keep it off over time.

A surgical procedure (also known as Laparoscopic Gastric Banding) performed to support weight loss. The procedure involves placing an adjustable silicone band around the upper part of the stomach, limiting the amount of space available for food, and resulting in the patient feeling full after eating small portions.

Gastric bypass is a type of weight-loss surgery that involves creating a small pouch from the stomach and connecting the pouch directly to the small intestine.

Sleeve gastrectomy (gastric sleeve) is a bariatric procedure that removes up to 75-80% of the stomach.

Gastrointestinal surgery is a treatment for diseases of the parts of the body involved in digestion.

General surgery is a discipline that requires knowledge of and responsibility for the preoperative, operative, and postoperative management of patients with a broad spectrum of diseases.

Gynecologic surgeries are surgical procedures that are performed on any part of a woman's reproductive system.

A heart transplant is an operation in which a diseased, failing heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart. Heart transplant is a treatment that's usually reserved for people whose condition hasn't improved enough with medications or other surgeries.

Heart valve repair can usually be done on congenital valve defects (defects you are born with) and has a good success record with treating mitral valve defects. Severe valve damage means the valve must be replaced and most often involves the aortic or mitral valve. It is also used to treat any valve disease that is life-threatening. Some patients may need more than one valve repaired or replaced.

A hernia occurs when part of an internal organ or body part protrudes. A hernia repair is the surgical procedure to fix a hernia. This procedure is also known as herniorrhaphy.

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a pump that is used for patients who have reached end-stage heart failure. The LVAD, a battery-operated, mechanical pump, is surgically implanted, which then helps the left ventricle) pump blood to the rest of the body.

The LINX Reflux Management System is a device used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), placed with laparoscopic surgery. The LINX device is a small ring of magnetic titanium beads that is placed around the base of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is weak in those who suffer from GERD. The device keeps the sphincter closed, preventing reflux.

A significantly less invasive procedure than traditional open-heart surgery, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery involves one or more small incisions, which are usually made on the right side of the chest between the ribs to access the heart. This procedure often results in less pain and faster recovery for the patient.

A minimally-invasive distal pancreatectomy is a laparoscopic surgery to remove tumors from the body and/or tail of the pancreas. The spleen is frequently also removed, based on its location. The surgery leaves at least the head of the pancreas, which is generally sufficient for function.

Neurosurgery is a medical specialty that is focused on the surgical treatment of neurological disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, cerebrovascular system, and central and peripheral nervous system.

Hernia repair surgery can be open or laparoscopic. Both use synthetic mesh and/or internal sutures to mend the hole in the abdominal or groin muscles. Both are highly effective. Laparoscopic hernia repair costs more and requires general anesthesia but generally causes less pain and scarring. Open hernia repair can be done with local anesthetic, but may have a longer recovery time and larger scar.

Splenectomy is spleen-removal surgery, often due to the organ rupturing or the presence of tumors. A minimally invasive (laparoscopic) splenectomy is most common, as it causes less pain and a shorter hospital stay and recovery. However, an open splenectomy may be necessary if the spleen is particularly large/swollen or there is scar tissue present in the spleen.

Any type of surgery that involves cutting open the chest and splitting the breastbone to access and operate on the heart. Open-heart surgeries treat heart conditions like congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, aneurysms, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.

Orthopedic surgery is a procedure that is performed to repair or replace damaged bones, joints, and connective tissue. Examples of surgical procedures that can be done include hip replacement, knee replacement, shoulder replacement, and ACL reconstruction.

Peripheral stents are often implanted in conjunction with balloon angioplasty. Peripheral stent implants help hold open an artery so that blood can flow through the blocked or clogged artery., The stent—a small, lattice-shaped wire mesh tube, props open the artery and remains permanently in place.

Peripheral vascular bypass (PVB) refers to surgical revision of blood flow to restore perfusion distal to an occluded or otherwise disrupted arterial segment. Peripheral vascular bypass procedures can involve any arteries excluding those in the heart or the brain

Plastic and reconstructive surgery is a procedure that is used to aesthetically or functionally treat areas of the body the body that have been affected by a congenital defect, trauma, or developmental abnormalities.

Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an electrical current to remove specific tissue for a variety of concerns, such as treating tumors and managing pain. For pain management, radiofrequency ablation stops nerve tissue from transmitting pain signals, offering relief for chronic back and arthritic pain.

Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control.

Skin and soft tissue repair are essential parts of wound healing. After the bleeding stage, open, closed, and torn soft-tissue injuries heal through an inflammatory phrase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase. Healing can take up to a year, and chronic or non-healing wounds may require additional intervention.

Surgical oncology is a surgical specialty that is focused on the surgical treatment of cancer. This involves the surgical diagnosis, staging, and treatment of cancer and the surgical management of symptoms related to cancer.

Surgical shunts for portal hypertension (high blood pressure at the liver) manage the condition with a small metal coil (stent) that is implanted with X-ray imaging guidance in the portal vein to the liver, holding it open to keep a clear channel for blood flow and reduce blood pressure.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a minimally invasive procedure to replace a narrowed aortic valve that fails to open properly.

A minimally invasive procedure for patients with mitral valve regurgitation (a condition where the mitral valve is not functioning properly). Unlike traditional open-heart surgery, TMVR does not require surgical opening of the chest. Instead, a catheter is inserted into a vein in the groin and up to the heart. The catheter is used to implant a small device that tightens the mitral valve to reduce the effects of mitral regurgitation.

A lung transplant is a surgery to replace a person’s failing or diseased lung(s) with the healthy lung(s) of an organ donor. Lung transplantation is generally performed in cases of advanced lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension.

The upper digestive tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine (duodenum), and is where digestion begins, preparing food for nutrient extraction and distribution. Common issues with the upper digestive tract include heartburn, acid reflux, upset stomach, and problems swallowing.

Urological surgery is the integration of surgical activities for the pelvis including; the colon, urogenital, and gynecological organs-primarily for the treatment of obstructions, dysfunction, malignancies, and inflammatory diseases.

The Whipple procedure (or minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy) is a common surgery to treat pancreatic cancer. The procedure removes the head of the pancreas (where most pancreatic cancer occurs) as well as the duodenum, bile duct, and, in some instances, part of the stomach.

Kidney cancer typically requires surgical treatment. Kidney-sparing surgery (partial nephrectomy) is a procedure that only removes the tumor and minimal kidney tissue, sparing the majority of the organ. Depending on the location and size of the tumor(s), the procedure may be performed as open, laparoscopic, or robot-assisted surgery.

Laser surgery is a category of surgery completed using special light beams (lasers) as opposed to scalpels or other instruments. Laser surgery has many applications, including endovascular, dermatological, dental, spine, and eye surgery, as well as tumor removal/reduction. The type of laser (e.g., carbon dioxide, argon) and wavelength frequency vary by procedure.

Minimally invasive surgery is a surgical procedure that is performed using tiny instruments through a small incision, rather than through a larger opening. This form of surgery offers the same benefits of open surgery, but results in a quicker operation, less pain, and a shorter healing time.

Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control.

Blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is essential to wound healing. Increased blood vessel formation can be encouraged by hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which uses high-pressure oxygen to treat damaged or diseased tissue, particularly due to diabetes, infections, poor circulation, or radiation.

Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings. This site includes an overview of how infections spread, ways to prevent the spread of infections, and more detailed recommendations by type of healthcare setting.

The use of hyperbaric oxygen chambers in wound care helps preserve damaged tissue. The oxygen-enriched bloodstream allows for better healing of chronic and complex wounds, and the preservation of damaged tissue improves outcomes on several fronts.

Complex and chronic wounds require specialized treatments and therapies, such as hyperbaric oxygen chambers, negative pressure therapy, enzymatic debridement, platelet growth, and skin and tissue repair to facilitate healing.